FlavScents AInsights Entry: Dextro-Limonene (CAS: 5989-27-5)

1. Identity & Chemical Information

• Common Name(s): Dextro-limonene, (R)-limonene
• IUPAC Name: (R)-1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)cyclohexene
• CAS Number: 5989-27-5
• FEMA Number: 2633
• Other Identifiers: FL No. 02.015
• Molecular Formula: C10H16
• Molecular Weight: 136.24 g/mol

Dextro-limonene is a terpene hydrocarbon characterized by a cyclohexene ring with a methyl and an isopropenyl group. Its structure is significant for its citrus-like odor, which is primarily due to the presence of the isopropenyl group. This compound is the major component of citrus peel oils and is widely used in flavor and fragrance applications.

Citation hooks: FlavScents; PubChem; FEMA

2. Sensory Profile

Dextro-limonene is renowned for its fresh, sweet citrus aroma reminiscent of oranges. It is a high-impact odorant with a strong diffusion and is often described as having a clean, zesty character. The compound is used as an impact note in citrus flavors and fragrances, providing a sense of freshness and realism. The odor threshold of dextro-limonene is relatively low, making it effective even at minimal concentrations.

Citation hooks: FlavScents; peer-reviewed sensory literature

3. Natural Occurrence & Formation

Dextro-limonene is naturally found in the oils of citrus fruits, such as oranges, lemons, and limes. It is primarily obtained through the cold pressing of citrus peels. The compound can also be formed through the enzymatic degradation of limonoids in citrus fruits. Its presence in natural sources qualifies it for use in products labeled as containing "natural flavors" or "natural fragrances."

Citation hooks: FlavScents; food chemistry literature; EFSA/JECFA monographs

4. Use in Flavors

Dextro-limonene is extensively used in flavor formulations, particularly in citrus-flavored beverages, candies, and baked goods. It serves as a primary impact note, enhancing the authenticity of citrus flavors. Typical use levels in food range from 10 to 100 ppm, with higher concentrations used in more robust citrus profiles. Dextro-limonene is stable under acidic conditions but may degrade under prolonged heat exposure, necessitating careful formulation considerations.

Citation hooks: FlavScents; FEMA GRAS documentation; formulation literature

5. Use in Fragrances

In the fragrance industry, dextro-limonene is a key component in citrus, fresh, and fruity fragrance families. It acts as a top note, providing an initial burst of freshness and realism. Typical concentrations in fragrance formulations range from 0.1% to 5%, depending on the desired intensity and product type. Its volatility makes it ideal for top note applications, although it can also contribute to the middle notes in complex compositions.

Citation hooks: FlavScents; IFRA; fragrance chemistry texts

6. Regulatory Status (Regional Overview)

• United States: Recognized as GRAS by FEMA for flavor use.
• European Union: Approved under Regulation (EC) No 1334/2008 with FL No. 02.015.
• United Kingdom: Aligns with EU regulations post-Brexit.
• Asia: Approved for use in Japan and China, with specific concentration limits.
• Latin America: Generally accepted in Brazil and MERCOSUR countries, subject to local regulations.

Dextro-limonene is widely accepted across major markets, with harmonized regulations supporting its use in both flavors and fragrances. However, formulators should verify specific regional requirements to ensure compliance.

Citation hooks: FEMA; EFSA; national authority publications

7. Toxicology, Safety & Exposure Considerations

Dextro-limonene is considered safe for use in food and fragrance applications, with a high margin of safety. Oral exposure through flavor use is supported by an ADI established by JECFA. Dermal exposure in fragrances is generally well-tolerated, though it may cause mild irritation in sensitive individuals. Inhalation exposure is typically low risk, but occupational settings should ensure adequate ventilation to minimize potential irritation.

Citation hooks: EFSA; FEMA; PubChem; toxicology literature

8. Practical Insights for Formulators

Dextro-limonene is valued for its ability to impart a fresh, authentic citrus character to both flavors and fragrances. It synergizes well with other citrus and fruity notes, enhancing overall product appeal. Formulators should be cautious of its volatility and potential for oxidation, which can lead to off-notes. It is often under-utilized in non-citrus applications where a hint of freshness could be beneficial.

Citation hooks: FlavScents; industry practice

9. Confidence & Data Quality Notes

The data on dextro-limonene is well-established, with comprehensive sensory and regulatory information available. Industry practices are well-documented, though some regional regulatory nuances may require further clarification. Overall, the compound is supported by robust scientific and industry data.

Citation hooks: FlavScents

QA Check

• All required sections 1–9 are present
• "Citation hooks:" line is present under each section
• Flavor section includes ppm ranges
• Toxicology section covers oral, dermal, inhalation
• Regulatory section mentions US, EU, UK, Asia, Latin America
• If complex natural material: includes section 5a (not applicable here)

About FlavScents AInsights (Disclosure)
FlavScents AInsights integrates information from authoritative government, scientific, academic, and industry sources to provide applied, exposure-aware insight into flavor and fragrance materials. Data are drawn from regulatory bodies, expert safety panels, peer-reviewed literature, public chemical databases, and long-standing professional practice within the flavor and fragrance community. Where explicit published values exist, they are reported directly; where gaps remain, AInsights reflects widely accepted industry-typical practice derived from convergent sensory behavior, historical commercial use, regulatory non-objection, and expert consensus. All such information is clearly labeled to distinguish documented data from professional guidance or informed estimation, with the goal of offering transparent, practical, and scientifically responsible context for researchers, formulators, and regulatory specialists. This section is generated using advanced computational language modeling to synthesize and structure information from established scientific and regulatory knowledge bases, with the intent of supporting—not replacing—expert review and judgment.

Generated 2026-10-20 07:07:44 GMT (p2)