alpha-phellandrene

Full Material List

2-methyl-5-propan-2-ylcyclohexa-1,3-diene

Identifiers

CAS (Single)	99-83-2
FEMA	2856
EINECS	202-792-5
Synonyms	1,3- cyclohexadiene, 2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)- dihydro-p-cymene dihydro-para-cymene alpha- fellandrene p- mentha-1,5-diene para- mentha-1,5-diene menthadiene 1- methyl-4-isopropyl-1,5-cyclohexadiene (-)-2- methyl-5-(1-methyl ethyl)-1,3-cyclohexadiene (-)-2- methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-1,3-cyclohexadiene 2- methyl-5-(propan-2-yl)cyclohexa-1,3-diene 2- methyl-5-isopropyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene 2- methyl-5-propan-2-ylcyclohexa-1,3-diene (-)-a- phellandrene (Â±)-a- phellandrene a- phellandrene alpha- phellandrene 65% natural phellandrene alpha FCC alpha- phellandrene extra FCC (natural) alpha- phellandrene FCC (natural) alpha- phellandrene natural 4-iso propyl-1-methyl-1,5-cyclohexadiene (-)-5-iso propyl-2-methyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene 5-iso propyl-2-methyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene 5-iso propyl-2-methylcyclohexa-1,3-diene 1-iso propyl-4-methyl-2,4-cyclohexadiene
JECFA Food Flavoring	1328
JECFA Food Additive	N/A
DG SANTE Food Flavourings	01.006 alpha-phellandrene
DG SANTE Food Contact Materials	N/A
FDA UNII	49JV13XE39
CoE Number	2117
XlogP3-AA	N/A
Molecular Weight	136.23752
Molecular Formula	C10 H16

Properties

Food Chemicals Codex Listed	Yes
Appearance	colorless to pale yellow clear liquid (est)
Assay	95.00 to 100.00
Specific Gravity	0.83500 to 0.86500 @ 25.00 °C.
Lbs/Gal (est)	6.948 to 7.198
Refractive Index	1.47100 to 1.47700 @ 20.00 Â°C.
Melting Point	N/A
Boiling Point	175.00 to 176.00 Â°C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Flash Point	117.00 Â°F. TCC ( 47.22 Â°C. )
Acid Value	N/A
Vapor Pressure	1.856000 mmHg @ 25.00 Â°C. (est)
Vapor Density	N/A
logP (o/w)	4.408 (est)
Soluble In	alcohol water, 2.862 mg/L @ 25 °C (est) water alcoholic fine fragrance, good antiperspirant, good fabric softener, good hypochlorite bleach, poor liquid detergent, good perborate powder detergent, fair soap, good toiletry application, good
Occurrence	achillea tenuifolia lam. flower oil iran @ 1.70% allspice fruit allspice leaf allspice leaf oil amomum testaceum ridl. fruit oil malaysia @ 0.40% angelica root oil @ 2.02% angelica seed oil @ 2.00% angelica seed oil CO2 extract @ 0.50% anise seed oil star china @ 0.39% anise star anise fruit artemisia vestita wall. flower oil @ 15.60% artemisia vestita wall. leaf oil @ 17.40% basil flower oil sweet @ 0.03% basil leaf oil sweet (ocimum basilicum) @ 0.08% basil oil var. glabratum turkey @ trace% bay laurel fruit oil bay laurel leaf bay laurel leaf oil bay leaf oil @ 0.07-0.45% bay leaf oil anise @ 0.3% bay leaf oil lemon @ 0.2% bergamot oil @ 0.016-0.056% blood orange oil (citrus sinensis l. var. sanguinello) italy @ 0.073% blood orange oil (citrus sinensis l. var. tarocco) italy @ 0.075% blood orange oil italy @ 0.060% boldo leaf oil italy @ 0.04% cabocla flower oil brazil @ 5.80% cajuput oil @ 0.5% cajuput oil vietnam @ 0.5% calamus root oil mongolia @ 0.20% cananga fruit oil @ 0.2% caraway seed cardamom fruit cardamom seed carrot root carrot seed oil spain @ trace-0.02% cascarilla bark oil @ 0.13% cassis bud oil @ trace-1.58% cayenne fruit celery seed oil celery seed oil egypt @ 0.10% cinnamomum fragrans baillon leaf oil madagascar @ 0.20% cinnamomum fragrans baillon leaf oil madagascar @ 23.40% cinnamon ceylon cinnamon bark oil cinnamon ceylon cinnamon leaf cinnamon ceylon cinnamon leaf oil cinnamon ceylon cinnamon root bark cinnamon ceylon cinnamon stem bark cinnamon fruit oil india @ 0.1-0.7% cinnamon leaf oil ceylon @ 0.23% citronella oil ceylon @ 0.12% clary sage oil sardinia @ 0.60% coriander fruit coriander oil coriander seed oil cornmint oil india @ 0.02% cotton plant croton flavens l. (welensali) leaf oil curacao @ 1.50% cubeb oil @ 0.58% cumin seed cumin seed oil cumin seed oil egypt @ 0.63% cumin seed oil turkey @ 0.2% curry fruit oil india @ 2.70% curry leaf oil india @ 6.10% cypress cone oil egypt @ trace% dill leaf dill oil dill root oil dill seed dill seed oil dill shoot oil dill weed oil cuba @ 24.88% dill weed oil reunion @ 56.50% echinophora cinerea oil iran @ 61.40% elemi oil @ 4.30% eucalyptus camaldulensis dehn. leaf oil jerusalem @ 0.40% eucalyptus camaldulensis dehnh. leaf oil ethiopia @ 7.70% eucalyptus deaneti maiden leaf oil ethiopia @ 5.60% eucalyptus delegatensis r. baker leaf oil ethiopia @ 0.40% eucalyptus globulus bud oil @ 0.01% eucalyptus globulus fruit oil @ 2.11% eucalyptus globulus oil burundia @ 0.10% eucalyptus globulus oil pakistan @ 0.60% eucalyptus globulus oil rwanda @ 0.01% eucalyptus nitens (deane et maiden) maiden leaf oil ethiopia @ 2.50% eucalyptus saligna smith leaf oil ethiopia @ 5.00% eucalyptus tereticornis smith leaf oil ethiopia @ 3.80% eucalyptus urophylla s.t. blake leaf oil ethiopia @ 0.60% fennel absolute sweet @ trace% fennel flower oil bitter lithuania @ 6.15% fennel oil fennel plant fennel seed fennel seed oil bitter lithuania @ 4.10% fennel seed oil sweet @ trace% ferula cupularis leaf oil @ 2.36% feverfew leaf oil belgium @ 0.6% fir needle oil canada @ 0.03-0.19% fir needle oil siberia @ 0.12% foeniculum vulgare piperitum oil @ 0.40% garlic bulb geranium oil bourbon @ 0.12% geranium oil rwanda @ 0.05% geranium stem oil india @ 0.09% ginger rhizome ginger rhizome oil ginger root oil brazil @ 0.60% grapefruit oil c.p. @ 0.05% grapefruit oil c.p. @ 0.07% grapefruit oil c.p. italy @ 0.08% grapefruit oil c.p. russia @ 0.06% grapefruit oil c.p. russia @ 0.06% grapefruit oil c.p. russia @ 0.08% grapefruit oil c.p. russia @ 0.08% ho leaf oil @ 0.05% horsemint shoot hyacinthus orientalis absolute @ trace-0.01% hypericum dogonbadanicum assadi oil iran @ trace% hyssop flower hyssop leaf hyssop leaf oil hyssop oil juniper branch oil @ 0.30% juniper needle oil @ 1.30% kewda oil @ 0.6-0.08% laurel bark oil @ 0.2% laurel leaf oil @ 0.5% laurel leaf oil turkey @ 0.20% laurel stem oil @ 0.1% laurel wood oil @ 0.1% lavandin oil abrialis @ 0.07% lavandin oil grosso @ 0.07% lavandula officinalis flower oil @ 0.20% lavender oil spike france @ trace% layana oil kenya @ trace% lemon oil lemon oil california @ 0.04% lemon oil expressed italy @ 0.04% lemon petiole lemon verbena oil morocco @ trace% lemongrass oil @ 0.05% lemongrass oil @ 0.27% lemongrass oil egypt @ 0.05% levisticum officinale flower oil @ 0.93% levisticum officinale seed oil @ 1.96% lime fruit lime oil distilled mexico @ 0.46% lime oil distilled peru @ 0.44% lime oil expressed florida @ trace% lovage flower oil @ 3.14% lovage leaf oil @ 2.37% lovage root lovage root oil @ 0.24% lovage seed oil @ 11.91% mace oil @ 1.60% mace oil CO2 extract @ 0.40% mace oil east india @ 3.17% mandarin fruit mandarin oil @ 0.48% mandarin oil avana @ 0.06% mandarin oil avana @ 0.07% mandarin oil italy @ 0.48% mandarin oil uruguay @ 0.03-0.04% mango flower marjoram oil marjoram oil sweet cuba @ 0.11% marjoram oil sweet egypt @ 4.84% marjoram oil sweet iran @ 0.20% marjoram oil sweet morocco @ 0.53% marjoram plant marjoram pot oil turkey @ 0.00-0.01% mastic fruit oil @ 0.06% mastic leaf oil @ trace% mastic oil @ 0.13% melaleuca michelia alba flower absolute @ 0.34% mint myristica fragrans fruit oil @ 0.70% nutmeg extract CO2 west indian @ 0.30% nutmeg leaf oil nutmeg oil nutmeg oil hydrodistilled india @ 0.7% nutmeg oil india @ 0.67% nutmeg seed nutmeg seed oil orange fruit orange oil c.p. brazil @ trace% orange peel oil bitter brazil @ trace% orange peel oil bitter italy @ 0.02% orange peel oil sweet c.p. blond italy @ 0.045% orange peel oil sweet c.p. blond italy @ 0.049% orange peel oil sweet c.p. blond italy @ 0.058% orange peel oil sweet c.p. blond italy @ 0.073% orange peel oil sweet c.p. blond italy @ 0.091% orange peel oil sweet c.p. florida @ 0.05% orange peel oil sweet c.p. valencia @ 0.05% oregano oil oregano oil mexico @ 0.56% oregano plant oregano shoot oregano shoot oil origanum oil greece @ 0.08% papaya fruit parsley fruit oil parsley leaf parsley leaf oil @ 0.39% parsley leaf oil cuba @ 0.09% parsley leaf oil egypt @ 1.46% parsley seed parsley seed oil parsley seed oil @ 0.28% parsnip root pennyroyal oil uruguay @ trace% pepper bell pepper fruit pepper black pepper fruit pepper black pepper fruit oil pepper black pepper oil pepper black pepper seed oil pepper tree berry oil @ 17.34% pepper tree leaf oil @ 30.24% petitgrain combava oil @ trace% petitgrain mandarin oil @ 0.01% phoebe oil brazil @ 0.08% pimenta leaf oil @ 1.12% pimenta racemosa leaf oil lemon @ 0.14% pinus spp. pinus sylvestris l. needle oil estonia @ 0.20% plectranthus glandulosus hook f. leaf oil cameroon @ 0.70% plumcot fruit prangos uechtritzii boiss. et hausskn. fruit oil turkey @ 6.30% prangos uloptera dc. oil iran @ 1.80% protium heptaphyllum (aubl.) march resin oil brazil @ 16.70% pteronia oil @ 0.40% ravintsara leaf oil @ 1.99%% ridolfia segetum rosemary rosemary leaf rosemary leaf oil rosemary oil corsica @ 1.30% rosemary oil egypt @ 0.46% rosemary oil spain @ 3.2% rosemary oil turkey @ 0.38% rosemary plant rosemary sap rosemary shoot rosemary shoot oil safflower bud safflower leaf sage leaf oil sage oil sage oil albania @ 1.00% sage oil cuba @ 1.16% sage oil reunion @ 0.80% sage oil spain @ 0.0-0.2% sage oil spain @ 0.10% salvia officinalis oil cuba @ 1.16% satureja khuzistanica jamzad oil iran @ 0.10% satureja viminea l. oil costa rica @ trace% savin oil @ 0.20% savory winter savory plant sideritis syriaca l. oil bulgaria @ 1.00% spearmint leaf sugandha kokila berry oil @ 1.50% tagete flower oil rwanda @ trace% tagete oil rwanda @ 0.07% tagete oil turkey @ 0.09% tanacetum annum l. oil marocco @ 7.60% tangerine oil america @ trace% tansy oil canada @ 0.10% tansy oil marocco @ 2.60% tarragon leaf oil tarragon oil thyme absolute @ trace% thyme oil thyme oil red CO2 extract @ 0.09% thyme oil red india @ 0.2% thyme oil red spain @ 0.15-0.19% thyme oil wild or creeping pakistan @ 0.88% thyme plant trachyspermum roxburghianum benth. ex. kurz. seed oil india @ 0.20% turmeric leaf turmeric rhizome wormseed oil america @ 0.01% wormseed oil spain @ 0.01% wormwood oil america @ 0.35% wormwood oil annus france @ 0.00-trace% wormwood oil italy @ trace% yarrow leaf oil @ trace% yarrow oil @ 0.50% yarrow oil greece @ trace% yuzu leaf oil @ 0.27-0.36% zanthoxylum bracchyacanthum l. leaf oil australia @ trace%

Organoleptic

Organoleptic Notes	1. Odor Type: terpenic Odor Strength:medium ,recommend smelling in a 10.00 % solution or less Substantivity:4 hour(s) at 100.00 % citrus herbal terpenic green woody pepper black pepper Odor Description:at 10.00 % in dipropylene glycol. citrus herbal terpene green woody pepperyLuebke, William tgsc, (1985) Odor sample from: Berje Inc. citrus terpenic green pepper black pepper Odor Description:Citrus, terpenic, slightly green, black pepper-likeMosciano, Gerard P&F 16, No. 2, 49, (1991)
Odor	terpenic citrus, herbal, terpenic, green, woody, pepper, black
Flavor	terpenic terpenic, citrus, lime, fresh, green,

AInsights BETA

FlavScents AInsights Entry for Alpha-Phellandrene (CAS: 99-83-2)

1. Identity & Chemical Information

Alpha-phellandrene is a monoterpene hydrocarbon commonly found in essential oils. Its IUPAC name is 4-isopropyl-1-methyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene. The CAS number for alpha-phellandrene is 99-83-2. It is not assigned a FEMA number. Other identifiers include its FL number and CoE number, which are used in various regulatory contexts. The molecular formula of alpha-phellandrene is C10H16, and it has a molecular weight of 136.24 g/mol. The compound features a cyclohexadiene ring with isopropyl and methyl groups, contributing to its characteristic odor profile.

Citation hooks: FlavScents; PubChem; FEMA

2. Sensory Profile

Alpha-phellandrene is characterized by a citrusy, peppery, and slightly woody aroma. It is often described as having a fresh, green, and slightly spicy scent, which can be quite intense and diffusive. The compound is typically used as an impact note in fragrance compositions, providing a lively and fresh top note. While specific taste and odor thresholds are not well-documented, alpha-phellandrene is known for its strong sensory impact even at low concentrations.

Citation hooks: FlavScents; peer-reviewed sensory literature

3. Natural Occurrence & Formation

Alpha-phellandrene is naturally occurring in the essential oils of various plants, including eucalyptus, dill, and ginger. It is biosynthesized in plants through the mevalonate pathway, a common route for the formation of terpenes. This compound is relevant to the designation of "natural flavor" or "natural fragrance" due to its widespread occurrence in nature and its extraction from plant sources.

Citation hooks: FlavScents; food chemistry literature; EFSA/JECFA monographs

4. Use in Flavors

In flavor applications, alpha-phellandrene is used to impart a fresh, citrusy note to food and beverage products. It is commonly found in citrus-flavored products, as well as in spice and herbal blends. The typical use levels in finished products range from 0.1 to 10 ppm, depending on the desired intensity and the complexity of the flavor system. Alpha-phellandrene is relatively stable under normal conditions but may degrade under high heat or acidic conditions, which should be considered during formulation.

Citation hooks: FlavScents; FEMA GRAS documentation; formulation literature

5. Use in Fragrances

Alpha-phellandrene is utilized in various fragrance families, including citrus, herbal, and woody compositions. It serves as a top note, providing freshness and vibrancy to perfumes and personal care products. Typical concentration ranges in fragrance formulations are from 0.1% to 1%, depending on the desired effect and product type. Its volatility makes it suitable for top note applications, where it contributes to the initial impression of the fragrance.

Citation hooks: FlavScents; IFRA; fragrance chemistry texts

6. Regulatory Status (Regional Overview)

In the United States, alpha-phellandrene is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for use in flavors by FEMA. In the European Union, it is regulated under Regulation (EC) No 1334/2008, with specific FL number status. The United Kingdom follows similar regulations post-Brexit. In Asia, including Japan and China, alpha-phellandrene is subject to regional flavor and fragrance regulations, which may vary. In Latin America, countries like Brazil and those in MERCOSUR have their own regulatory frameworks, often aligning with international standards.

Citation hooks: FEMA; EFSA; national authority publications

7. Toxicology, Safety & Exposure Considerations

Alpha-phellandrene's safety profile is generally favorable, with low toxicity reported in oral exposure scenarios typical of flavor use. No specific ADI or MSDI values are established, but it is used within industry-typical limits. Dermal exposure in fragrance applications is considered safe, with no significant irritation or sensitization reported at typical use levels. Inhalation exposure is minimal due to its rapid evaporation and low concentration in air. Overall, the risk profiles for food and fragrance applications are similar, with no major safety concerns identified.

Citation hooks: EFSA; FEMA; PubChem; toxicology literature

8. Practical Insights for Formulators

Alpha-phellandrene is valued for its fresh, citrusy aroma, making it a versatile component in both flavor and fragrance formulations. It synergizes well with other citrus and herbal notes, enhancing the overall freshness and complexity of the composition. Formulators should be cautious of its volatility and potential degradation under extreme conditions. It is often under-utilized in complex blends where its impact can be overshadowed by more dominant notes.

Citation hooks: FlavScents; industry practice

9. Confidence & Data Quality Notes

The data on alpha-phellandrene is well-established, with comprehensive sensory and regulatory information available. Industry practices are well-documented, though some specific numeric thresholds and safety data may be less detailed. Known data gaps include precise taste and odor thresholds, which are often estimated based on industry experience.

Citation hooks: FlavScents

QA Check

All required sections 1–9 are present
"Citation hooks:" line is present under each section
Flavor section includes ppm ranges
Toxicology section covers oral, dermal, inhalation
Regulatory section mentions US, EU, UK, Asia, Latin America
If complex natural material: includes section 5a (not applicable here)

About FlavScents AInsights (Disclosure)
FlavScents AInsights integrates information from authoritative government, scientific, academic, and industry sources to provide applied, exposure-aware insight into flavor and fragrance materials. Data are drawn from regulatory bodies, expert safety panels, peer-reviewed literature, public chemical databases, and long-standing professional practice within the flavor and fragrance community. Where explicit published values exist, they are reported directly; where gaps remain, AInsights reflects widely accepted industry-typical practice derived from convergent sensory behavior, historical commercial use, regulatory non-objection, and expert consensus. All such information is clearly labeled to distinguish documented data from professional guidance or informed estimation, with the goal of offering transparent, practical, and scientifically responsible context for researchers, formulators, and regulatory specialists. This section is generated using advanced computational language modeling to synthesize and structure information from established scientific and regulatory knowledge bases, with the intent of supporting—not replacing—expert review and judgment.

Generated 2026-06-22 12:36:02 GMT (p2)

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alpha-phellandrene

Identifiers

Properties

Organoleptic

AInsights BETA

FlavScents AInsights Entry for Alpha-Phellandrene (CAS: 99-83-2)

1. Identity & Chemical Information

2. Sensory Profile

3. Natural Occurrence & Formation

4. Use in Flavors

5. Use in Fragrances

6. Regulatory Status (Regional Overview)

7. Toxicology, Safety & Exposure Considerations

8. Practical Insights for Formulators

9. Confidence & Data Quality Notes

QA Check

Suppliers

Advanced Biotech

Berjé

Vigon International

Vigon International

Penta Fine Ingredients

Penta Fine Ingredients

Penta Fine Ingredients